Uma visão preditiva e contextual de mulheres usuárias de cocaína em tratamento de desintoxicação

Autores

Palavras-chave:

Cocaína, Crack, Mulheres, Fatores preditivos, Tratamento, Poliuso de drogas

Resumo

O uso regular e abusivo de cocaína na forma fumada (crack) está associado a desfechos negativos em todo espectro biopsicosocial e a morbimortalidade é elevada entre os usuários. Ter transtorno por uso de cocaína (TUC) diminui a adesão aos tratamentos, dificulta a manutenção da abstinência e causa mais comorbidades e reinternações. O uso de crack está diminuindo em vários países, mas no Brasil está aumentando, principalmente entre as mulheres. As mulheres usuárias de crack constituem um grupo vulnerável e de risco, e as questões relacionadas ao sexo influenciam o início e a manutenção do uso de drogas. A especificidade do perfil clínico das usuárias, representa outro agravante, potencializando o impacto do uso de crack. O Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL) tem acesso aos dados do recrutamento contínuo de participantes para estudos de 2011 a 2023. Essas informações ajudaram a desenvolver análises avançadas e estratégias de ciência de dados para identificar fatores associados a resultados clínicos no tratamento de mulheres com TUC na rede de saúde pública. Esta tese propôs (1) ampliar a contribuição científica, gerando conhecimento sobre mulheres usuárias de crack com metodologias de análise estatística convencional e análise de algoritmos de aprendizagem supervisionada na área de inteligência artificial, particularmente em aspectos relacionados à associações e métodos preditivos que auxiliem na melhora dos resultados clínicos ao final da desintoxicação; (2) desenvolver estratégias que auxiliem as equipes de saúde e replicadores na abordagem e tratamento das mulheres com TUC; (3) discutir os achados encontrados na linha evolutiva desta tese à luz da realidade ecológica. No passo a passo desta tese, começamos com a busca de fatores de associação ou preditores de resposta ao tratamento. O modelo de machine learning (ML) identificou 11 características preditivas: abuso físico, emocional e sexual na infância; negligência emocional na infância; problemas de sono ao longo da vida; problemas psiquiátricos; uso semanal de álcool; uso excessivo de canabis; tentativa recente de suicídio; problemas recentes de controle de impulsos e gravidade da abstinência de cocaína no início do tratamento. Foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre escore de risco e gravidade da abstinência ao final do tratamento, mesmo em pessoas com abstinência moderada. Utilizamos esses resultados para construir “A trajetória de vida”, uma breve narrativa divulgada nas redes sociais para divulgar essas informações. Um método informativo e acessível para trabalhadores de saúde mental, equipes especializadas no tratamento das mulheres com TUC e para as próprias usuárias de crack, seus familiares e comunidade em geral. Observando os resultados da ML, consideramos o quanto as características de personalidade poderiam influenciar os resultados do tratamento. Ter um transtorno de personalidade (TP) poderia prever algum resultado durante o período de desintoxicação? Para responder a essa questão, utilizou-se a Regularized Parcial correlation Network (RPCN) que mostrou maior magnitude de associação entre sintomas de abstinência no início do tratamento e sintomas de abstinência ao final do tratamento. A análise preditiva mostrou que ter TP é uma variável significativa e correlacionada com o tratamento das mulheres com TUC, mas ter TP não prediz pior resultado após um período de desintoxicação de 21 dias. No entanto, mulheres com TUC com cluster B apresentam mais sintomas de abstinência ao final do tratamento piorando a resposta ao tratamento de desintoxificação. Considerando as variáveis preditoras encontradas e associadas à personalidade, ampliamos nosso conhecimento sobre os fatores relacionados à maior abstinência ao final do tratamento de desintoxicação. Até agora, nossos resultados foram pontuais, respondendo ao objetivo de preditores de resposta ao tratamento. No entanto, essas descobertas despertaram nossa curiosidade sobre possíveis preditores ao longo do desenvolvimento. O poliuso de drogas (PUD) chamou atenção ao longo das avaliações das mulheres com TUC. Portanto, decidimos observar o PUD regularmente e compará-las aos homens com TUC. As mulheres nos surpreenderam por não se diferenciarem dos homens com TUC em termos de PUD. A maioria das mulheres com TUC tem PUD e os fatores ou preditores individuais e contextuais associados à PUD foram negligência física na infância e depressão ao longo da vida. As conclusões da presente tese, aliadas às conclusões do pré-estudo e dos estudos realizados pelo DCNL, resultaram num vídeo informativo (A Trajetória de Vida) e num ensaio literário (História de Marias), que pretendem contribuir para a difusão do conhecimento sobre as mulheres com TUC. Ao final, a autora discute um modelo contextual hipotético sobre mulheres usuárias de drogas.

Biografia do Autor

Carla Hervê Moram Bicca, Médica Psiquiatra, Consultório particular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

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Bicca CHM. Uma visão preditiva e contextual de mulheres usuárias de cocaína em tratamento de desintoxicação. PABP [Internet]. 2º de dezembro de 2024 [citado 31º de janeiro de 2025];:1-214. Disponível em: https://revistardp.org.br/abp/article/view/1385

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