Alteraciones electrofisiológicas en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

bulimia nerviosa, trastorno por atracón, electroencefalografía, fenómenos electrofisiológicos, potenciales evocados, trastornos de la ingestión de alimentos

Resumen

Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria constituyen un grupo de afecciones graves que provocan un deterioro significativo y una pérdida en la calidad de vida de quienes los padecen. A pesar de los avances en la investigación para esclarecer la neurobiología de estos trastornos, persiste una brecha importante en el conocimiento. Por ello, el objetivo general de esta tesis es sintetizar el conocimiento existente sobre los cambios electrofisiológicos en personas con alteraciones en la conducta alimentaria. Para alcanzar este objetivo, llevamos a cabo una revisión sistemática para recopilar los datos disponibles sobre las alteraciones electroencefalográficas en individuos con trastornos del espectro de atracón-purga, así como un estudio clínico para evaluar dichas alteraciones en estudiantes universitarios con conductas alimentarias alteradas. Así, esta tesis aborda los objetivos planteados a través de dos artículos. En el primero, realizamos una revisión sistemática siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA para recopilar datos sobre los cambios electroencefalográficos en personas con trastornos del espectro de atracón-purga; se incluyeron quince estudios para el análisis. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en potenciales relacionados con eventos —tales como N200, P200, P300 y LPP— en individuos con trastorno por atracón en comparación con los grupos de control. Estas diferencias resultaron más evidentes, en particular, cuando los estímulos estaban relacionados con el trastorno (como alimentos o formas corporales). Por consiguiente, estos hallazgos sugieren que procesos atencionales —como la selección, la asignación y el procesamiento de la atención, además de la atención mediada por emociones o motivación— podrían estar alterados en personas con estas afecciones. A pesar de la heterogeneidad metodológica de los estudios analizados, los datos son coherentes con los hallazgos de neuroimagen, lo que indica que los estudios de electroencefalografía representan una vía prometedora para la evaluación de personas con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. En el segundo estudio, nos propusimos evaluar la reactividad cerebral ante alimentos hiperpalatables mediante electroencefalografía en estudiantes universitarios con conductas alimentarias alteradas. Para ello, evaluamos a 26 estudiantes de grado. La conducta alimentaria se valoró utilizando la escala EAT-26, estableciéndose un punto de corte de 11 para considerar la presencia de una conducta alimentaria alterada. Posteriormente, se realizó una evaluación electroencefalográfica de toda la muestra mientras se exponía a los participantes a alimentos hiperpalatables. El análisis de los registros electroencefalográficos reveló que los individuos con alteraciones en la conducta alimentaria presentaban una alteración en un componente occipitotemporal con una amplitud máxima a los 347 ms tras la presentación del estímulo. Estos datos sugieren que los estudiantes universitarios con conductas alimentarias alteradas podrían mostrar una mayor atención motivacional hacia los alimentos hiperpalatables. En conjunto, nuestros datos indican que la evaluación mediante electroencefalografía puede ser un método eficaz para detectar alteraciones neurofisiológicas específicas en personas con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y/o con conductas alimentarias alteradas. Por último, analizamos las implicaciones clínicas de estos hallazgos.

Biografía del autor/a

João Chaves Hiluy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

http://lattes.cnpq.br/2994357393288305
Grupo de Obesidade e Transtornos Alimentares, GOTA, Instituto de Psiquiatria, IPUB, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1199-9193

Citas

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2026-07-10

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1.
Hiluy JC. Alteraciones electrofisiológicas en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. PABP [Internet]. 10 de julio de 2026 [citado 16 de julio de 2026];:1-131. Disponible en: https://revistardp.org.br/abp/article/view/1641

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