Eficacia de las intervenciones en la prevención de los trastornos del estado de ánimo: una revisión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas con metaanálisis

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25118/2763-9037.2026.v16.1542

Palabras clave:

trastornos del estado de ánimo, trastorno depresivo, trastorno bipolar, intervención, prevención

Resumen

Introducción: Los trastornos del estado de ánimo son condiciones altamente prevalentes, asociadas a una carga clínica, social y económica significativa en todo el mundo. A pesar de este impacto, aún existe una escasez de directrices basadas en evidencia sobre intervenciones preventivas, especialmente en lo que respecta a la prevención de la aparición y la recurrencia de estas condiciones. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de las intervenciones preventivas para los trastornos depresivos y el trastorno afectivo bipolar mediante un overview de revisiones sistemáticas con metaanálisis. Métodos: Este overview siguió las directrices PRISMA y fue registrado prospectivamente en PROSPERO (CRD42022323580). Se identificaron revisiones sistemáticas con metaanálisis publicadas entre 2010 y 2021 en las bases SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed y Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Se incluyeron revisiones que abordaron la prevención primaria, secundaria o terciaria de los trastornos del estado de ánimo. La calidad metodológica se evaluaron mediante la herramienta AMSTAR-2. Resultados: Veinticuatro revisiones sistemáticas cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Para la prevención primaria, se encontró evidencia únicamente para el trastorno depresivo, indicando que las intervenciones psicológicas y psicosociales, como la terapia cognitivo-conductual, la terapia interpersonal, la psicoeducación, los programas basados en mindfulness y las intervenciones familiares, se asociaron con una reducción en la incidencia de episodios depresivos en poblaciones de riesgo, incluyendo niños, adolescentes, adultos, mujeres en el período perinatal y personas después de un accidente cerebrovascular. Los estudios de prevención secundaria y terciaria se centraron principalmente en la prevención de recaídas y recurrencias. En el trastorno depresivo mayor, tanto las intervenciones psicológicas como los tratamientos farmacológicos de mantenimiento redujeron significativamente el riesgo de recaída, y los enfoques combinados mostraron con frecuencia mejores resultados. En el trastorno afectivo bipolar, la farmacoterapia de mantenimiento con estabilizadores del estado de ánimo y antipsicóticos de segunda generación, así como las intervenciones estructuradas de psicoeducación, demostraron eficacia en la prevención de nuevos episodios del estado de ánimo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las revisiones presentó una calidad metodológica baja o críticamente baja, reflejando heterogeneidad, tamaños muestrales reducidos y escasez de datos longitudinales. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones preventivas para los trastornos del estado de ánimo —especialmente las estrategias psicológicas, psicosociales y farmacológicas de mantenimiento— demuestran una eficacia consistente en la reducción de la incidencia y la recurrencia en diversas poblaciones. Aunque la evidencia disponible está limitada por debilidades metodológicas, los hallazgos respaldan las recomendaciones presentes en las principales guías internacionales y refuerzan la prevención como un componente central de la atención en salud mental. El fortalecimiento de la psiquiatría preventiva, mediante investigaciones más robustas y su incorporación en las políticas públicas de salud, puede contribuir de manera significativa a la reducción del impacto a largo plazo de los trastornos del estado de ánimo.

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Biografía del autor/a

Verônica da Silveira Leite, Docente, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, UFT, Palmas, TO, Brasil; Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria, ABP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Leonardo Baldaçara, Professor, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, UFT, Palmas, TO, Brasil

Delyone de Paula Canedo Filho, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Goiânia, Goiânia, GO, Brasil

Roberta Rossi Grudtner, Hospital Psiquiátrico São Pedro, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

Railson Alves de Freitas, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Tocantins, Palmas, TO, Brasil

Flávio Veloso Ribeiro, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Tocantins, Palmas, TO, Brasil

Gboado Emmanuella Richenel Hermine Akowanou, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Palmas, Palmas, TO, Brasil

Leila Rute Oliveira Gurgel do Amaral, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, UFT, Palmas, TO, Brasil

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Publicado

2026-02-16

Cómo citar

1.
Leite V da S, Baldaçara L, Canedo Filho D de P, Grudtner RR, Freitas RA de, Ribeiro FV, et al. Eficacia de las intervenciones en la prevención de los trastornos del estado de ánimo: una revisión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas con metaanálisis. Debates Psiquiatr. [Internet]. 16 de febrero de 2026 [citado 3 de junio de 2026];16:1-47, e1542. Disponible en: https://revistardp.org.br/revista/article/view/1542

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