A relevância da síndrome das pernas inquietas (doença de willis-ekbom) para a prática clínica diária com pacientes com transtornos psiquiátricos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25118/2236-918x-7-4-4Palavras-chave:
Síndrome das pernas inquietas, doença de Willis-Ekbom, transtorno do sono, movimentos periódicos dos membros, metabolismo do ferro cerebral, dopaminaResumo
No passado, a síndrome das pernas inquietas (SPI) foi conceitualizada como uma neurose de sensibilidade e uma ansiedade na tíbia. O objetivo do presente trabalho é demonstrar para os médicos, particularmente para os psiquiatras, que a SPI, hoje, é uma doença neuropsiquiátrica complexa e crônica, comum e tratável, com acometimento sensório-motor, alterações do sistema dopaminérgico e distúrbios da homeostasia do ferro cerebral. A sintomatologia é exclusivamente subjetiva e pode ser crônico-persistente ou intermitente. Há uma urgência para mover as pernas, acompanhada de disestesia nas mesmas, que piora com repouso ou inatividade, sendo aliviada pelo movimento. O diagnóstico é exclusivamente clínico. Algumas medicações precisam ser reduzidas ou descontinuadas porque podem piorar a SPI: alguns antidepressivos (particularmente inibidores seletivos da recaptação da serotonina, inibidores da recaptação da serotonina e noradrenalina e mirtazapina), neurolépticos, antieméticos, anti-histamínicos e outros. É relevante observar que não há piora com o antidepressivo bupropiona. O tratamento não farmacológico inclui higiene do sono e atividades físicas. As drogas utilizadas no tratamento pertencem a quatro grupos: dopaminérgicos (agonistas diretos e precursores de dopamina); α2δ-ligantes; benzodiazepínicos; e opioides. A aumentação é a principal complicação no tratamento de longo prazo: início mais cedo dos sintomas ao longodo dia; início mais rápido com o repouso; expansão dos sintomas para os membros superiores e o tronco; e encurtamento do efeito dos tratamentos. Supõe-se que a superestimulação dopaminérgica seja a causa da aumentação.
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