Narcolepsia: o despertar para uma realidade subestimada
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25118/2236-918X-7-3-4Palavras-chave:
Narcolepsia, cataplexia, hipersonolência, hipocretina (orexina), alucinação, paralisia do sonoResumo
A narcolepsia é uma doença subestimada, e o tempo para o seu diagnóstico é de cerca de 10 anos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é trazer, para os médicos – particularmente os psiquiatras – e para todos os profissionais da área da saúde, a necessária conscientização acerca da importância de se levar em conta a narcolepsia em seus pacientes na prática clínica diária. O impacto negativo da narcolepsia na qualidade de vida é significativo e comparável àquele da epilepsia ou da esquizofrenia. O diagnóstico se caracteriza pela presença de cinco sintomas cardiais: sonolência excessiva diurna; cataplexia; paralisia do sono; alucinações; e fragmentação do sono noturno. O teste de latências múltiplas do sono, após uma polissonografia basal, se presta para confirmar o diagnóstico. A associação com transtornos depressivos, bipolares e ansiosos é muito prevalente em pacientes com narcolepsia. O tratamento desses pacientes se dá com estimulantes e doses baixas de antidepressivos. Interessantemente, a retirada abrupta de antidepressivos pode gerar uma síndrome transitória assemelhada à cataplexia. Outro achado comum em pacientes com narcolepsia é o transtorno comportamental do sono REM após o uso de antidepressivos. O emprego de psicoestimulantes, usados na narcolepsia para controle da sonolência excessiva diurna, pode acompanhar-se de uma psicose paranoide, assemelhada à esquizofrenia. O diagnóstico, o tratamento e o manejo da narcolepsia associada com comorbidades representam um desafio a ser valorizado.
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