Psychological violence and the role of the psychiatrist: a narrative review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25118/2763-9037.2023.v13.471Keywords:
psychological impacts, intimate partner violence, mental health, forensic psychiatryAbstract
Introduction: Psychological violence is a form of domestic violence characterized by verbal aggression, embarrassment, humiliation, manipulation, threats and isolation of the victim. Despite being the most prevalent form of intimate partner violence, psychological violence is the most underreported and can evolve into more serious aggressions, such as physical and sexual abuse, when there is no external intervention. Methods: Narrative review aimed at discussing the state of the art and updating knowledge about psychological violence against women. Discussion: The psychological damage caused by this violence can lead to depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, substance abuse and suicidal ideation, which can be identified by the psychiatrist in clinical practice. The psychiatrist can also act in the pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment of the consequences of psychological abuse in the victims, in addition to offering support and guidance in eventual denunciation and/or separation processes. Due to the high comorbidity with substance use disorder in the aggressors, the psychiatrist can act in treatment rehabilitation programs, preventing the occurrence of new aggressions. In the forensic setting, the psychiatrist can conduct expertise and technical assistance to document the damage suffered by the victims, in addition to assessing the risk of violence and criminal liability of the aggressors. Conclusion: Psychological violence is a public health problem with serious consequences. As a health professional, the psychiatrist has the potential to act in several areas to combat domestic violence.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Brasil. Lei nº 14.188, de 28 de julho de 2021. Define o programa de cooperação Sinal Vermelho contra a Violência Doméstica como uma das medidas de enfrentamento da violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher previstas na Lei nº 11.340, de 7 de agosto de 2006 (Lei Maria da Penha), e no Decreto-Lei nº 2.848, de 7 de dezembro de 1940 (Código Penal), em todo o território nacional; e altera o Decreto-Lei nº 2.848, de 7 de dezembro de 1940 (Código Penal), para modificar a modalidade da pena da lesão corporal simples cometida contra a mulher por razões da condição do sexo feminino e para criar o tipo penal de violência psicológica contra a mulher. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2021/lei/L14188.htm
Brasil. Lei nº 11.340, de 7 de agosto de 2006. Cria mecanismos para coibir a violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher, nos termos do § 8º do art. 226 da Constituição Federal, da Convenção sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação contra as Mulheres e da Convenção Interamericana para Prevenir, Punir e Erradicar a Violência contra a Mulher; dispõe sobre a criação dos Juizados de Violência Doméstica e Familiar contra a Mulher; altera o Código de Processo Penal, o Código Penal e a Lei de Execução Penal; e dá outras providências. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2006/lei/l11340.htm
Martins J, Lagreca A, Bueno S. Feminicídios caem, mas outras formas de violência contra meninas e mulheres crescem em 2021. São Paulo: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública; 2022. (Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública). https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/10-anuario-2022-feminicidios-caem-mas-outras-formas-de-violencia-contra-meninas-e-mulheres-crescem-em-2021.pdf
Tonel DP, Venturini RR, Silveira A, Zancan S. Violência psicológica no Brasil: análise temporal e de gênero na última década. Discip Sci. 2022;23(2):37-48. https://doi.org/10.37777/dscs.v23n2-004
World Health Organization. Covid-19 and violence against women: what the health sector/system can do. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331699
UN Women. Covid-19 and ending violence against women and girls. New York: UN Women; 2020. https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/Library/Publications/2020/Issue-brief-COVID-19-and-ending-violence-against-women-and-girls-en.pdf
Barbara G, Facchin F, Micci L, Rendiniello M, Giulini P, Cattaneo C, Vercellini P, Kustermann A. Covid-19, lockdown, and intimate partner violence: some data from an Italian service and suggestions for future approaches. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2020;29(10):1239-42. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8590 - PMID:33006492
Barbara G, Viero A, Pellizzone I, Buggio L, Facchin F, Cattaneo C, D’Amico ME, Vercellini P, Kustermann A. Intimate partner violence in the covid-19 era: a health, psychological, forensic and legal perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):4973. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094973 - PMID:35564368 - PMCID:PMC9104607
Brasil, Ministério dos Direitos Humanos e da Cidadania. Denúncias registradas pelo ligue 180 aumentam nos quatro primeiros meses de 2020. Brasília: Ministério dos Direitos Humanos e da Cidadania; 2020. https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2020-2/maio/denuncias-registradas-pelo-ligue-180-aumentam-nos-quatro-primeiros-meses-de-2020
World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization. Understanding and addressing violence against women: intimate partner violence. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77432/WHO_RHR_12.36_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Valentine SE, Peitzmeier SM, King DS, O'Cleirigh C, Marquez SM, Presley C, Potter J. Disparities in exposure to intimate partner violence among transgender/gender nonconforming and sexual minority primary care patients. LGBT Health. 2017;4(4):260-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0113 PMID:28719246
Whitfield DL, Coulter RWS, Langenderfer-Magruder L, Jacobson D. Experiences of intimate partner violence among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender college students: the intersection of gender, race, and sexual orientation. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36(11-12):NP6040-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518812071 PMID:30453802 - PMCID:PMC8256635
Pittman DM, Rush CR, Hurley KB, Minges ML. Double jeopardy: intimate partner violence vulnerability among emerging adult women through lenses of race and sexual orientation. J Am Coll Health. 2022;70(1):265-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1740710 - PMID:32240063
Walters ML, Chen J, Breiding MJ. The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2010 findings on victimization by sexual orientation. Washington: American Psychological Association; 2013. https://doi.org/10.1037/e541272013-001
Langenderfer-Magruder L, Whitfield DL, Walls NE, Kattari SK, Ramos D. Experiences of intimate partner violence and subsequent police reporting among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adults in Colorado: comparing rates of cisgender and transgender victimization. J Interpers Violence. 2016;31(5):855-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514556767 PMID:25392392
Schraiber LB, D'Oliveira AFPL, França-Junior I, Diniz S, Portella AP, Ludermir AB, Valença O, Couto MT. Prevalência da violência contra a mulher por parceiro íntimo em regiões do Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(5):797-807. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000500014 PMID:17923901
Vasconcelos NM, Andrade FMD, Gomes CS, Pinto IV, Malta DC. Prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence against adult women in Brazil: national survey of health, 2019. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2021;24(Suppl 2):e210020. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720210020.supl.2 - PMID:34909938
Mascarenhas MDM, Tomaz GR, Meneses GMS, Rodrigues MTP, Pereira VOM, Corassa RB. Análise das notificações de violência por parceiro íntimo contra mulheres, Brasil, 2011-2017. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2020;23(Supl 1):e200007. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200007.supl.1 PMID:32638984
Lima LAA, Monteiro CFS, Nunes BMVT, Silva Júnior FJG, Fernandes MA, Zafar S, Santos MA, Wagstaff C, Diehl A, Pillon SC. Factors associated with violence against women by an intimate partner in northeast Brazil. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2021;35(6):669-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2021.10.006 - PMID:34861963
Amell RC, Soler AR, Cobo J, Alberti JMS. Psychological consequences and daily life adjustment for victims of intimate partner violence. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2023;58(1):6-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174211050504 - PMID:35393871
Tullio V, Lanzarone A, Scalici E, Vella M, Argo A, Zerbo S. Violence against women in heterosexual couples: a review of psychological and medico-legal considerations. Med Sci Law. 2021;61(1 Suppl):113-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802420936081 - PMID:33591871
Bermea AM, Slakoff DC, Goldberg AE. Intimate partner violence in the LGBTQ+ community: experiences, outcomes, and implications for primary care. Prim Care. 2021;48(2):329-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2021.02.006 - PMID:33985708
Walker LE. The battered woman. New York: Harper & Row; c1979.
Wong J, Mellor D. Intimate partner violence and women's health and wellbeing: impacts, risk factors and responses. Contemp Nurse. 2014;46(2):170-9. https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2014.46.2.170 - PMID:24787250
Iverson KM, Rossi FS, Nillni YI, Fox AB, Galovski TE. PTSD and depression symptoms increase women's risk for experiencing future intimate partner violence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912217 - PMID:36231518 PMCID:PMC9566456
Hernández W. Violence with femicide risk: its effects on women and their children. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36(11-12):NP6465-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518815133 - PMID:30486729
Devries KM, Mak JY, Bacchus LJ, Child JC, Falder G, Petzold M, Astbury J, Watts CH. Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS Med. 2013;10(5):e1001439. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001439 PMID:23671407 - PMCID:PMC3646718
Gulati G, Kelly BD. Domestic violence against women and the covid-19 pandemic: what is the role of psychiatry? Int J Law Psychiatry. 2020;71:101594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101594 PMID:32768101 - PMCID:PMC7264022
Alhusen JL, Ray E, Sharps P, Bullock L. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal outcomes. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2015;24(1):100-6. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.4872 PMID:25265285 - PMCID:PMC4361157
Ribeiro MRC, Silva AAM, Alves MTSSB, Batista RFL, Rocha LMLN, Schraiber LB, Medeiros NL, Costa DCS, Bettiol H, Barbieri MA. Psychological violence against pregnant women in a prenatal care cohort: rates and associated factors in São Luís, Brazil. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-66 - PMID:24521235 - PMCID:PMC3927820
Conceição HN, Coelho SF, Madeiro AP. Prevalência e fatores associados à violência por parceiro íntimo na gestação em Caxias, Maranhão, 2019-2020. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2021;30(2):e2020848. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-49742021000200012 - PMID:34076229
Álvares LGGS, Alves MTSSB, Santos AM, Oliveira BLCA, Chagas DC. Associação entre a violência psicológica e o transtorno de estresse pós-traumático em adolescentes de uma coorte. Cad Saude Publica. 2021;37(12):e00286020. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00286020 PMID:34932686
Howell KH, Barnes SE, Miller LE, Graham-Bermann SA. Developmental variations in the impact of intimate partner violence exposure during childhood. J Inj Violence Res. 2016;8(1):43-57. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4729333/ - PMID:26804945 - PMCID:PMC4729333
Hughes TL, Johnson TP, Steffen AD, Wilsnack SC, Everett B. Lifetime victimization, hazardous drinking, and depression among heterosexual and sexual minority women. LGBT Health. 2014;1(3):192-203. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0014 - PMID:26789712 - PMCID:PMC5089701
King KA, Yockey RA, Vidourek RA. Transgender individuals and psychological intimate partner violence: a national study. J Fam Violence. 2022;37:289-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00219-4
Vignola-Lévesque C, Léveillée S. Intimate partner violence and intimate partner homicide: development of a typology based on psychosocial characteristics. J Interpers Violence. 2022;37(17-18):NP15874-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211021989 - PMID:34076551 PMCID:PMC9682500
Yu R, Nevado-Holgado AJ, Molero Y, D'Onofrio BM, Larsson H, Howard LM, Fazel S. Mental disorders and intimate partner violence perpetrated by men towards women: a Swedish population-based longitudinal study. PLoS Med. 2019;16(12):e1002995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002995 - PMID:31846461 - PMCID:PMC6917212
Gupta G, Sachdeva A, Kumar M, Singh M. Spectrum of intimate partner violence in patients with psychiatric illness-from victimization to perpetration. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2023;58(1):20-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/00912174211053726 - PMID:35048727
Henrichs J, Bogaerts S, Sijtsema J, Klerx-van Mierlo F. Intimate partner violence perpetrators in a forensic psychiatric outpatient setting: criminal history, psychopathology, and victimization. J Interpers Violence. 2015;30(12):2109-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514552272 PMID:25287409
Telles LEB, Valença AM, Barros AJS, Silva AG. Domestic violence in the covid-19 pandemic: a forensic psychiatric perspective. Braz J Psychiatry. 2021;43(3):233-4. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1060 - PMID:32491034 - PMCID:PMC8136389
Schraiber LB, Latorre MRDO, França I Jr, Segri NJ, D'Oliveira AFPL. Validade do instrumento WHO VAW STUDY para estimar violência de gênero contra a mulher. Rev Saude Publica. 2010;44(4):658-66. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400009 - PMID:20676557
Porrúa-García C, Rodríguez-Carballeira A, Escartín J, Gómez-Benito J, Almendros C, Martín-Pena J. Development and validation of the scale of psychological abuse in intimate partner violence (EAPA-P). Psicothema. 2016;28(2):214-21. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2015.197 PMID:27112821
Paiva TT, Cavalcanti JG, Lima KS. Propriedades psicométricas de uma medida de abuso psicológico na parceira. Rev Colomb Psicol. 2020;29(1):45-59. https://doi.org/10.15446/.v29n1.72599
Lakin DP, García-Moreno C, Roesch E. Psychological interventions for survivors of intimate partner violence in humanitarian settings: an overview of the evidence and implementation considerations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(5):2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052916 - PMID:35270610 - PMCID:PMC8910593
Hameed M, O'Doherty L, Gilchrist G, Tirado-Munoz J, Taft A, Chondros P, Feder G, Tan M, Hegarty K. Psychological therapies for women who experience intimate partner violence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;(7):CD013017. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013017.pub2 - PMID:32608505 - PMCID:PMC7390063
Keynejad RC, Hanlon C, Howard LM. Psychological interventions for common mental disorders in women experiencing intimate partner violence in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(2):173-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30510-3 - PMID:31981539 - PMCID:PMC7029417
Ally EZ, Laranjeira R, Viana MC, Pinsky I, Caetano R, Mitsuhiro S, Madruga CS. Intimate partner violence trends in Brazil: data from two waves of the brazilian national alcohol and drugs survey. Braz J Psychiatry. 2016;38(2):98-105. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1798 PMID:27304756 - PMCID:PMC7111359
Radcliffe P, Gadd D, Henderson J, Love B, Stephens-Lewis D, Johnson A, Gilchrist E, Gilchrist G. What role does substance use play in intimate partner violence? A narrative analysis of in-depth interviews with men in substance use treatment and their current or former female partner. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36(21-22):10285-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519879259 PMID:31578902 - PMCID:PMC8581707
Murphy CM, Ting L. The effects of treatment for substance use problems on intimate partner violence: a review of empirical data. Aggress Violent Behav. 2010;15(5):325-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2010.01.006
Hashimoto N, Radcliffe P, Gilchrist G. Help-seeking behaviors for intimate partner violence perpetration by men receiving substance use treatment: a mixed-methods secondary analysis. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36(7-8):3142-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518770645 PMID:29756559
Easton CJ, Crane CA. Interventions to reduce intimate partner violence perpetration among people with substance use disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2016;28(5):533-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2016.1227307 - PMID:27696955
Spencer CM, Stith SM. Risk factors for male perpetration and female victimization of intimate partner homicide: a meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2020;21(3):527-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018781101 - PMID:29888652
Rios AMFM, Crespo KC, Martini M, Telles LEB, Magalhães PVS. Gender-related and non-gender-related female homicide in Porto Alegre, Brazil, from 2010 to 2016. PLoS One. 2023;18(3):e0281924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281924 - PMID:36920985 PMCID:PMC10016696
Cerqueira D, Ferreira H, Bueno S, Alves PP, Lima RS, Marques D, Silva FAB, Lunelli IC, Rodrigues RI, Lins GOA, Armstrong KC, Lira P, Coelho D, Barros B, Sobral I, Pacheco D, Pimentel A. Atlas da violência 2021. São Paulo: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública; 2021. https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/atlas-violencia-2021-v7.pdf
Bueno S, Bohnenberger M, Sobral I. A violência contra meninas e mulheres no ano pandêmico. São Paulo: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública; 2021. (Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública). https://forumseguranca.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/6-a-violencia-contra-meninas-e-mulheres-no-ano-pandemico.pdf
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Sofia Cid de Azevedo, Lisieux Elaine de Borba Telles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Debates em Psiquiatria allows the author (s) to keep their copyrights unrestricted. Allows the author (s) to retain their publication rights without restriction. Authors should ensure that the article is an original work without fabrication, fraud or plagiarism; does not infringe any copyright or right of ownership of any third party. Authors should also ensure that each one complies with the authorship requirements as recommended by the ICMJE and understand that if the article or part of it is flawed or fraudulent, each author shares responsibility.
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) - Debates em Psiquiatria is governed by the licencse CC-By-NC
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
