Aspectos neurocognitivos do alcoolismo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25118/2763-9037.2024.v14.1120Palavras-chave:
alcoolismo, cognição, demência, encefalopatia de Wernicke, sindrome de KorsakoffResumo
Introdução: O uso prolongado e excessivo de álcool pode acarretar danos cerebrais estruturais e funcionais, ocasionando déficits cognitivos. As repercussões cognitivas mais conhecidas do alcoolismo foram descritas por psiquiatras: a síndrome de Wernicke (SW), a amnésia de Korsakoff (AK), e a Demência Associada ao Alcoolismo (DAA). Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa acerca dos aspectos cognitivos relacionados ao alcoolismo, com ênfase na DAA. Resultados: A SW é composta por uma tríade de oftalmoplegia, marcha atáxica e alterações no estado mental. A AK é uma síndrome residual após a SW, caracterizada por amnésia global, confabulações e alterações de comportamento. A DAA é uma síndrome orgânica com quadro de grave disfunção cognitiva, disfunção executiva, dificuldade no controle emocional e comprometimento da memória. Ainda atualmente há dúvidas quanto à etiopatogenia, status nosológico, prevalência e critérios diagnósticos para a DAA, devido à dificuldade de avaliação e a diversos fatores de confusão, portanto a compreensão atual dessa forma de demência permanece limitada. Conclusões: A DAA é uma forma de demência geralmente pré-senil e até certo ponto reversível, podendo ser classificada do ponto de vista neuroanatômico como córtico-subcortical e se manifestando clinicamente com sintomas amnésticos, frontais-disexecutivos, cerebelares e subcorticais. Até que tenhamos uma maior compreensão dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos da DAA, é altamente improvável que seja desenvolvido um conjunto único e reprodutível de critérios diagnósticos.
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